Acne is a prevalent skin condition, affecting up to 85% of individuals between the ages of 12 and 24. It can have multiple contributing factors, with the primary causes being. Hormonal changes: the body generates an increased amount of androgens which stimulate the sebaceous glands to generate more oil. This surplus oil can obstruct pores, resulting in the development of acne. Genetics: Acne can also be inherited. If your parents had acne, you are more likely to develop it too. Bacteria: Acne can be caused by the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) when they combine with oil and dead skin cells. This mixture can result in inflammation and ultimately lead to the formation of pimples. Diet: Consuming a diet that is rich in refined carbohydrates and sugar may have an impact on the emergence of acne, as such foods are known to trigger insulin spikes that can result in heightened oil production. Stress: When we experience stress, our bodies generate more cortisol, which can trigger the sebaceous glands to produce additional oil. Medications: Acne can be caused by certain medications, including corticosteroids and lithium. While there are some known factors that contribute to acne, identifying the exact cause can be difficult in certain cases. It's possible that a combination of factors, rather than a single cause, may be responsible for acne in many people. ——Alvaro's Answer

Natural skin care products often incorporate various botanicals, which are essentially plant-based ingredients derived from flowers, herbs, fruits, and other parts of plants. These botanicals possess a range of beneficial properties that can help improve the health and appearance of our skin. Here are some common botanicals we use at Gamanity: Aloe Vera: Known for its soothing and moisturizing properties aloe vera can calm irritated skin and provide hydration. Lavender: Known for its relaxing scent, lavender also possesses antibacterial properties, making it useful for treating acne and promoting clearer skin. Calendula: This flower extract has anti-inflammatory and healing properties, making it beneficial for soothing dry or damaged skin. Jojoba: Jojoba oil closely resembles the natural oils produced by our skin, making it an effective moisturizer that can balance oil production and improve skin texture. Botanicals are used in skincare for several reasons, primarily due to their beneficial properties and potential to improve the health and appearance of the skin. Here are some reasons why botanicals are commonly used in skincare: - Natural and Gentle - Nourishing and Hydrating - Soothing and Calming - Anti-Aging Benefits - Healing and Restorative - Aromatherapy and Relaxation ——Kat's Answer

Ageing is an important cellular mechanism not fully understood yet. The ageing process of human skin, a visible manifestation of body ageing, unfolds through intricate cellular pathways that impact its structure and functionality. Recent breakthroughs in skin ageing research have revealed complicated molecular networks participating in the process. Recent data from the progressive decline in epidermal stem cells and collagen reduction to the role of cellular senescence and the interplay of mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, and DNA damage pathways, have enhanced our understanding of skin ageing. Technological advances, including single-cell RNA sequencing, have allowed investigation of diverse skin cell types and their responses to ageing. Notably, interventions such as melatonin and topical retinoids exhibit differential anti-aging effects, providing promising effects for skin health. Moreover, single-cell RNA sequencing has unveiled the molecular pathways of human skin ageing, identifying key transcription factors and offering potential therapeutic strategies against ageing-related skin disorders. This collective knowledge not only enhances our understanding of skin ageing but also opens the door to innovative interventions that may redefine skincare, foster healthier skin, and alleviate the impact of ageing on our largest organ. Eung Ho Choi (2019). Aging of the skin barrier. Clinics in dermatology, [online] 37(4), pp.336–345. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.04.009. ‌Chin Yee Ho and Dreesen, O. (2021). Faces of cellular senescence in skin aging. Mechanisms of ageing and development, [online] 198, pp.111525–111525. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2021.111525. ‌Gruber, F., Kremslehner, C., Eckhart, L. and Tschachler, E. (2020). Cell aging and cellular senescence in skin aging — Recent advances in fibroblast and keratinocyte biology. Experimental gerontology, [online] 130, pp.110780–110780. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2019.110780. ‌Quan, T. (2023). Human Skin Aging and the Anti-Aging Properties of Retinol. Biomolecules, [online] 13(11), pp.1614–1614. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13111614. ‌Samra, T., Gomez-Gomez, T., Kinga Linowiecka, Aysun Akhundlu, Lopez, G., Gompels, M., Lee, W.W., Gherardini, J., Jérémy Chéret and Paus, R. (2023). Melatonin Exerts Prominent, Differential Epidermal and Dermal Anti-Aging Properties in Aged Human Eyelid Skin Ex Vivo. International journal of molecular sciences, [online] 24(21), pp.15963–15963. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115963. ‌Zou, Z., Long, X., Zhao, Q., Zheng, Y., Song, M., Ma, S., Jing, Y., Wang, S., He, Y., Concepcion Rodriguez Esteban, Yu, N., Huang, J., Chan, P., Chen, T., Carlos, J., Zhang, W., Qu, J. and Liu, G.-H. (2021). A Single-Cell Transcriptomic Atlas of Human Skin Aging. Developmental cell, [online] 56(3), pp.383-397.e8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2020.11.002. ‌

A natural skincare product is one that contains ingredients that are sourced from nature and are minimally processed or refined. Natural skincare products contain ingredients, such as plants, minerals and other naturally occurring substances. Generally, the natural ingredients are minimally processed or refined to retain their natural properties. Natural skincare products do not contain synthetic preservatives such as parabens, phthalates, or formaldehyde donors neither synthetic fragrance. As there is no standardized definition of "natural", neither strict legislation on the use of the word natural on labels when it comes to skincare products, it's important to do your own research and read the labels carefully. ——Kat's Answer

Our skin acts as a protective barrier against dehydration, chemicals, and extreme temperatures, defending us from harmful pathogens. In addition, the skin is home to a community of microorganisms called the microbiota, which resides in different skin regions. Imbalances in the skin microbiome can occur with age, diabetes, skin diseases, or the use of harsh products, increasing the risk of infections. Exploring the connection between the skin microbiome, ageing, and skin repair is an ongoing area of research worldwide. By gaining more knowledge in this field, we can develop new ways to treat microbial imbalances associated with skin ageing and other conditions. Taking care of your skin's microbiome is important; avoid excessive washing, harsh products, and chemicals, and maintain a healthy diet to keep your skin happy and prevent issues like acne or infections. ——Kat's Answer

The effectiveness of skincare routines in the morning and evening can vary depending on several factors, including the type of products used, location, season, skin type. Generally, in the morning, it is beneficial to use skincare products that provide protection and nourishment to the skin. This includes applying moisturisers with SPF to shield the skin from UV rays and pollution. Antioxidant-rich products, like serums or creams, can also be effective in the morning as they help neutralise free radicals generated during the day. In the evening, when the skin is in a state of rest and repair, it is ideal to use products that focus on nourishing and hydrating the skin. This may involve using night creams, facial oils, or serums that contain ingredients like hyaluronic acid or peptides, which promote hydration and support skin regeneration. Additionally, products addressing specific concerns such as fine lines, wrinkles, or blemishes can be incorporated into nighttime skincare routines to target those issues more effectively.

Sleeping with make-up on can have negative effects on your skin. Here's why it's important to remove it before sleeping: Dermatological perspective Clogged Pores: Makeup, especially foundation and heavy products, can clog your pores, leading to the formation of blackheads, whiteheads, and acne breakouts. Skin irritation: Certain ingredients in makeup, such as fragrances and preservatives, can irritate the skin, causing redness, itching, and even allergic reactions. Impaired skin renewal: During sleep, the skin undergoes a natural process of renewal and repair. Leaving makeup on can disrupt this process, leading to dull, tired-looking skin. Scientific perspective Increased bacterial growth: Makeup can provide a breeding ground for bacteria. When left on overnight, it increases the risk of bacterial growth on the skin, potentially leading to infections. Skin dehydration: Some makeup products contain alcohol and other drying agents that can strip the skin of its natural moisture. Leaving them on overnight can result in dryness, flakiness, and an imbalanced skin barrier. Premature ageing: Sleeping with makeup can contribute to the breakdown of collagen and elastin, which are essential for maintaining the skin's elasticity and youthfulness. This can lead to premature ageing signs like fine lines, wrinkles, and sagging skin. By removing your makeup before bedtime and following a proper skincare routine, you allow your skin to breathe, repair, and rejuvenate itself, promoting a healthier complexion in the long run. Remember to choose wisely makeup that is gentle on the skin. to avoid extra skin issues. ——Kat's Answer

Sunscreens protect our skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) rays, which are a type of radiation emitted by the sun. There are two main types of UV rays that reach the Earth's surface: UVA and UVB. They can penetrate deep into the skin's layers, reaching the dermis, which is the thickest layer of the skin. UVA rays are present throughout the day and can penetrate clouds and glass, which means they can reach your skin even on cloudy days or indoors. Effects of UVA rays on the skin include: -Aging: UVA rays contribute to premature skin aging, such as wrinkles, fine lines, and age spots. -DNA Damage: UVA rays can cause damage to the DNA in skin cells, which can increase the risk of skin cancer over time. -Suppression of the Immune System: UVA rays can suppress the immune system's ability to defend against certain types of skin cancers. UVB Rays: UVB rays are shorter in wavelength and are partially absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere. They are most intense between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. and are more prevalent during the summer months. UVB rays affect the outer layer of the skin, called the epidermis. Effects of UVB rays on the skin include: -Sunburn: UVB rays are the primary cause of sunburns, which is an acute skin reaction to excessive sun exposure. -DNA Damage: UVB rays can directly damage the DNA in skin cells, contributing to the development of skin cancer. -Vitamin D Production: UVB rays also stimulate the production of vitamin D in the skin, which is essential for calcium absorption and bone health. Synthetic Sunscreen Ingredients: Synthetic sunscreens contain chemical compounds that work by absorbing or scattering UV radiation. The most commonly used synthetic ingredients are organic compounds such as avobenzone, octinoxate, oxybenzone, and homosalate. These compounds have specific chemical structures that allow them to absorb UV radiation, converting it into a less harmful form of energy like heat. Some synthetic sunscreens also contain inorganic compounds like zinc oxide or titanium dioxide, which work by scattering and reflecting UV rays away from the skin. Natural Sunscreen Ingredients: Natural sunscreens often contain physical blockers like zinc oxide or titanium dioxide, which are mineral-based ingredients. These minerals form a protective barrier on the skin's surface, reflecting and scattering both UVA and UVB rays. They work by physically blocking the sun's rays from reaching the skin. The effectiveness of a sunscreen depends on its sun protection factor (SPF), which measures its ability to block UVB rays. SPF does not directly indicate protection against UVA rays, so it's recommended to choose a broad-spectrum sunscreen that protects against both UVA and UVB rays. To know more: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25207381/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32633165/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31219707/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34387824/

Fragrances are often added to skincare and cosmetic products to make them smell nice. However, they can sometimes cause damage to the skin, especially for people with sensitive skin. This could be dependent on the presence of synthetic aromatic compounds deriving from the combination of various chemical ingredients. These synthetic compounds can mimic natural scents or create entirely new, unique fragrances. -Skin Irritation: Fragrances can contain chemicals that may irritate the skin. When you apply a product with fragrance to your skin, these chemicals can cause redness, itching, or a burning sensation. This is especially common for people with sensitive or allergy-prone skin. -Allergic Reactions: Some individuals may be allergic to specific fragrance ingredients. When these allergens come into contact with the skin, they can trigger allergic reactions like rashes, hives, or even blisters. Fragrance allergies can be quite uncomfortable and persistent. -Photosensitivity: Certain fragrances can make your skin more sensitive to sunlight. This means that if you apply a fragranced product and then go out in the sun, you may be more prone to sunburn or skin damage from UV rays. This can lead to premature aging of the skin and an increased risk of skin cancer. -Skin Barrier Damage: Fragrances can disrupt the skin's natural barrier. This barrier helps to keep moisture in and harmful substances out. When it's compromised, your skin can become dry, flaky, and more susceptible to infections. -Long-Term Effects: Repeated use of products with strong fragrances can have cumulative effects on your skin. Over time, the damage can build up, leading to chronic skin problems and making it harder for your skin to recover. -Masking Other Scents: Sometimes, fragrances in skincare products are used to cover up the smell of other less pleasant ingredients. This can be problematic because you might not realize that a product contains ingredients that are not suitable for your skin, as the fragrance masks their scent. Or if the product’s shelf life has expired, as the product would not be having a pleasant scent.

What is Rosacea? Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin illness that causes nose and cheek redness and a rash. Women and individuals with lighter skin are more likely to suffer from it, yet studies show that symptoms can be worse in men as androgen levels, such as testosterone, are higher in men, which may contribute to increased blood vessel dilatation and potentially aggravate Rosacea symptoms, resulting in more noticeable and persistent redness. Furthermore, men tend to have less skin care awareness, and thus may be less likely to follow skincare routines or use gentle and suitable for sensitive skin skincare products, which may exacerbate Rosacea symptoms. Treating Rosacea involves a combination of approaches. Common symptoms of rosacea are facial redness, visible blood vessels, swelling, and sometimes acne-like breakouts or eye irritation. Also, Flare-ups can occur and involve a sudden worsening or increase in these symptoms, often accompanied by discomfort or irritation. Flare-ups in rosacea can be triggered by various factors, and they differ from person to person. Some common triggers include: Food and Drinks: Spicy foods, hot drinks, alcohol, and foods high in Histamine {a biochemical compound that plays a key role in the inflammatory response of the body}, can trigger flare-ups. Environmental Factors: Exposure to sunlight, extreme temperatures {hot or cold}, wind, can aggravate rosacea. Harsh Skincare Products: Certain skincare products containing harsh ingredients, alcohol, or fragrances might irritate the skin, leading to flare-ups. Stress: Emotional stress can often trigger rosacea flare-ups due to its impact on blood flow and circulation. Physical Activity: Exercise or activities that induce sweating might trigger rosacea in some individuals. Natural skincare routine tailored to sensitive skin types and avoiding known triggers is crucial for managing Rosacea effectively, can drastically manage the symptoms and improve the appearance of the skin. Maintaining sun protection by utilising our Natural Tropical Mineral Sunscreen® can help protect skin from strong sun ultraviolet radiation (UV) and environmental irritants. Additionally, utilising gentle, natural, non-irritating, non-soap Gamanity Botanical Cleanser® can manage and prevent flare-ups, promoting overall skin health for individuals with Rosacea by avoiding irritants on skin. Mehdi Farshchian and Daveluy, S. (2023). Rosacea. [online] Nih.gov. Alex Lara Rivero and Whitfeld, M. (2018). An update on the treatment of rosacea. Australian prescriber, [online] 41(1), pp.20–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2018.004. ‌Heisig, M. and Reich, A. (2018). Psychosocial aspects of rosacea with a focus on anxiety and depression. Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology, [online] Volume 11, pp.103–107. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/ccid.s126850. ‌Wang, L., Wang, Y.-J., Hao, D., Wen, X., Du, D., He, G. and Jiang, X. (2020). The Theranostics Role of Mast Cells in the Pathophysiology of Rosacea. Frontiers in medicine, [online] 6. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2019.00324. ‌Patel, R.H. and Mohiuddin, S.S. (2023). Biochemistry, Histamine. [online] Nih.gov. ‌

Hyperpigmentation is a common condition that makes some areas of the skin darker than others. This occurs due to an overproduction of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin colour, leading to darker patches or spots on the skin. Several factors contribute to hyperpigmentation. One primary cause is excessive sun exposure. Ultraviolet (UV) rays trigger melanocytes, which are specialised cells in the skin, to overproduce pigment as a defence mechanism against UV damage. Additionally, skin inflammation resulting from acne, injuries, or skin conditions such as melasma and eczema can stimulate melanocytes, causing localised darkening. Other factors such as hormonal changes, especially during pregnancy (melasma), and genetics can also influence melanin production, contributing to hyperpigmentation. Biochemical mechanism of melanocytes When the skin is exposed to UV rays, it triggers the production of melanin from melanocytes to protect deeper skin layers. This process can lead to excess melanin in certain areas, causing an uneven distribution of melanin, resulting in patches of hyperpigmentation. For example, inflammation prompts the release of cytokines and other signalling molecules that stimulate melanocytes, leading to irregular pigmentation. Hormonal fluctuations can similarly affect melanin production, leading to pigmentation changes, especially in regions more sensitive to hormonal shifts. Understanding the causes of hyperpigmentation is crucial for developing effective skincare routines and preventive measures. Regular use of sunscreen helps protect the skin from UV radiation, preventing excessive melanin production. Additionally, addressing inflammation through proper skin care practices and treating skin conditions promptly can help reduce the risk of hyperpigmentation. Our Natural, Vegan, Cruelty-Free Tropical Mineral Sunscreen® is the perfect product to protect your skin and our oceans. The combination of glycerin and coconut oil has anti-inflammatory properties that work to soothe and protect your skin, while also restoring hydration to your skin. Regular use of other products such as our Soothing Turmeric Face Mask® and Calming Lavender Face Mask® can also clear up hyperpigmentation by soothing and alleviating skin inflammation while naturally helping against discoloration, dark spots and blemishes to give skin a more even-toned appearance. Siddiq Moolla and Miller-Monthrope, Y. (2022). Dermatology: how to manage facial hyperpigmentation in skin of colour. Drugs in context, [online] 11, pp.1–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.7573/dic.2021-11-2. ‌Ko, D., Wang, R.F., Ozog, D., Lim, H.W. and Mohammad, T.F. (2023). Disorders of hyperpigmentation. Part II. Review of management and treatment options for hyperpigmentation. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, [online] 88(2), pp.291–320. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2021.12.065. ‌Jean-Paul Ortonne and Bissett, D.L. (2008). Latest Insights into Skin Hyperpigmentation. ˜The œjournal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings/˜The œJournal of investigative dermatology symposium proceedings, [online] 13(1), pp.10–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/jidsymp.2008.7. ‌Varma, S.R., Sivaprakasam, T.O., Arumugam, I., N. Dilip, M. Raghuraman, Pavan, K.B., Rafiq, M. and Rangesh Paramesh (2019). In vitro anti-inflammatory and skin protective properties of Virgin coconut oil. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine, [online] 9(1), pp.5–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.06.012. ‌Vaughn, A.R., Branum, A. and Sivamani, R.K. (2016). Effects of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) on Skin Health: A Systematic Review of the Clinical Evidence. PTR. Phytotherapy research/Phytotherapy research, [online] 30(8), pp.1243–1264. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5640. ‌Adrienn Horváth, Edina Pandur, Sipos, K., Micalizzi, G., Mondello, L., Böszörményi, A., Péter Birinyi and Györgyi Horváth (2022). Anti-inflammatory effects of lavender and eucalyptus essential oils on the in vitro cell culture model of bladder pain syndrome using T24 cells. BMC complementary medicine and therapies, [online] 22(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-022-03604-2.

Skin pH levels refer to the level of acidity or alkalinity of the skin's surface. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. The skin's natural pH is acidic, typically around 4.5 to 5.5. Maintaining the appropriate pH balance is important for healthy skin because it helps support the skin's protective barrier function. When the pH is too high (more alkaline), the skin becomes more susceptible to dryness, irritation, and infections. Conversely, when the pH is too low (more acidic), it can lead to excessive oiliness, sensitivity, and inflammation. Common causes for skin pH imbalance include: -use of harsh soaps or cleansers with high pH levels -exposure to harsh weather conditions, such as extreme cold or hot temperatures, dry air, or pollution, -use of hard water with high mineral content, -overwashing or overexfoliating the skin, -using skincare products that are not suitable for your skin type or have high pH levels, -hormonal changes, -certain medications. Skincare products formulated with the right pH can help maintain the skin's natural balance, optimising its overall health and appearance. To know more: https://karger.com/books/book/127/chapter-abstract/5065467/The-Relation-of-pH-and-Skin-Cleansing?redirectedFrom=fulltext https://medicaljournalssweden.se/actadv/article/view/7439/10837

One of the primary steps in safeguarding the skin is the application of a broad-spectrum sunscreen with a high Sun Protection Factor (SPF). Sunscreens effectively block harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, which can cause premature ageing, sunburns, and even skin cancer. In addition to sunscreen, using a moisturiser is essential to protect the skin from environmental stressors. Moisturisers not only hydrate the skin but also create a barrier that helps to shield against pollutants, harsh weather conditions, and free radicals. Look for moisturisers containing ingredients like hyaluronic acid, or natural oils to replenish the skin's moisture and reinforce its protective barrier. Furthermore, incorporating antioxidants into your skincare routine can provide an extra layer of defence against environmental damage. Antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, help neutralise free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can damage the skin's collagen and elastin, leading to wrinkles and sagging. You can find antioxidant-rich products like serums or creams and apply them after cleansing and before moisturising. Another aspect to consider is proper cleansing. Regularly washing the face with a gentle cleanser helps remove dirt, excess oil, and pollutants that can accumulate on the skin's surface. Avoid harsh soaps or cleansers that may strip away the skin's natural oils, as this can disrupt the skin's barrier function. These are natural ingredients that can provide added protection: Green tea extract: Green tea is rich in antioxidants, particularly epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which helps fight free radicals and reduce inflammation. Look for skincare products containing green tea extract or consider applying cooled green tea bags directly to the skin. Aloe vera: Aloe vera has soothing and hydrating properties, making it an excellent natural moisturiser. It also contains antioxidants that can help protect the skin from environmental damage. Apply pure aloe vera gel or choose skincare products that contain aloe vera as one of the main ingredients. Jojoba oil: Jojoba oil closely resembles the skin's natural sebum, making it an effective moisturiser. It forms a protective barrier on the skin, preventing moisture loss and shielding it from environmental pollutants. Gently massage a few drops of jojoba oil onto the skin after cleansing. Rosehip seed oil: Rosehip seed oil is rich in vitamins A, C, and E, as well as essential fatty acids. It helps improve skin texture, protects against free radicals, and promotes skin regeneration. Apply a few drops of rosehip seed oil to your face and gently massage it in. Shea butter: Shea butter is a natural emollient that moisturises and nourishes the skin. It contains vitamins A and E, which help protect against oxidative stress and maintain skin elasticity. Look for skincare products with shea butter or use raw shea butter directly on dry or damaged areas. Turmeric: Turmeric contains curcumin, a powerful antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties. It helps protect the skin from UV damage, reduce redness, and even out skin tone. Create a paste by mixing turmeric powder with a small amount of water or honey and apply it as a face mask. McDaniel, D., Farris, P. and Valacchi, G. (2018). Atmospheric skin aging-Contributors and inhibitors. Journal of cosmetic dermatology, [online] 17(2), pp.124–137. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12518. ‌Nisakorn Saewan and Ampa Jimtaisong (2015). Natural products as photoprotection. Journal of cosmetic dermatology, [online] 14(1), pp.47–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12123. ‌Guan, L.L., Lim, H.W. and Mohammad, T.F. (2021). Sunscreens and Photoaging: A Review of Current Literature. American journal of clinical dermatology, [online] 22(6), pp.819–828. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-021-00632-5. ‌

Briefly, collagen and elastin are essential for maintaining skin elasticity and firmness. Collagen provides structural support while elastin imparts elasticity to the skin. They are two crucial components of the so-called extracellular matrix. Several natural ingredients found in Gamanity’s products can positively impact the production of collagen and elastin. -Vitamin A, also known as retinol, stimulates collagen production and improves skin elasticity while reducing the breakdown of collagen fibers. -Aloe vera, with its soothing and hydrating properties, not only helps protect existing collagen and elastin fibers but also stimulates their production in the skin. -Vitamin E acts as a potent antioxidant, safeguarding collagen and elastin from damage caused by free radicals and supporting collagen synthesis. -Vitamin B3, or niacinamide, promotes collagen production, improves skin elasticity, and enhances the skin barrier function. -Seabuckthorn oil, rich in vitamins, antioxidants, and essential fatty acids, stimulates collagen production and helps maintain skin elasticity, contributing to a youthful and resilient complexion. To know more about ingredients that impact production of collagen and elastin in skin: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27261203/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7370010/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29992983/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8995268/

Skin cell turnover, also known as epidermal renewal, is the natural process through which our skin continually produces new cells and gets rid of old ones. It happens in the outermost layer of our skin, called the epidermis. Special cells in the basal layer of the epidermis divide and multiply, and as they move upward, they transform into different cell types. Eventually, they become flattened and filled with a protein called keratin, forming the top layer of our skin. The old, dead skin cells are shed from the surface of our skin in a process called desquamation. This shedding allows new cells to come to the surface and replace the old ones. Skin cell turnover is important for several reasons. It helps to keep our skin looking young and vibrant by improving its texture and tone. It also maintains the protective barrier of our skin, which keeps our skin hydrated and shields it from harmful substances. Moreover, it plays a crucial role in repairing and healing our skin when it gets damaged. However, factors like age, environmental influences, hormones, and certain skin conditions can affect the speed and efficiency of this process. Understanding and supporting skin cell turnover is important for maintaining healthy and glowing skin. To know more about this scientific topic: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19209183/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33958758/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30019465/

Sorbic acid: A natural preservative derived from rowan tree berries that prevents the growth of harmful micro-organisms in skincare products. Glycerin: A natural humectant derived from plant sources that attracts and retains moisture in the skin, keeping it hydrated and smooth. Xanthan gum: A natural thickener produced by fermenting carbohydrates that gives skincare products a more luxurious texture, helps them spread more easily, and stabilizes emulsions. Tocopherol: A natural form of vitamin E derived from plant sources that is a powerful antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and protecting the skin from damage. Zinc oxide: A natual mineral commonly used in sunscreen products that reflects and scatters UV rays, protecting the skin from sun damge, and has anti-inflammatory properties that can soothe and calm the skin. ——Kat's Answer

Parabens: This is a preservative commonly used in skincare products to extend their shelf life. However, it has been linked to hormone disruption and may cause skin irritation in some people. Sulfates: These are often used as foaming agents in skincare products such as cleansers and shampoos. They can strip the skin of its natural oils and cause dryness and irritation. Fragrance: Synthetic fragrances are added to many skincare products to make them more appealing. However, they can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions in some people. Phthalates: These are often used as plasticizers in skin care products and have been linked to hormone disruption, reproductive issues, and developmental problems. Mineral oil: This is a petroleum-based ingredient that is often used in skincare products as a moisturiser. However, it can clog pores and cause acne and other skin issues. ——Alvaro's Answer

Cruelty-free skincare and vegan skincare are both focused on ethical practices, but they have slightly different meanings. Cruelty-Free Skincare: No animal testing during development or production. Ensures no harm or suffering to animals. Vegan Skincare: No animal testing during development or production. No animal-derived ingredients are used, excluding substances like honey, beeswax, lanolin, collagen, etc. Relies on plant-based and synthetic ingredients. It's important to note that cruelty-free and vegan certifications can vary, and different organisations may have different criteria. Checking for recognised certification logos can help consumers make informed choices when selecting cruelty-free and vegan skincare products. ——Kat's Answer

Antioxidants are molecules that play a vital role in protecting our cells from harmful substances known as free radicals. Free radicals are produced when cells experience a stressful environment, and they can cause significant damage to our skin cells as they contain loose electrons. Our skin layer serves as the first line of defence for our body and it is therefore particularly vulnerable to stressors such as changes in temperature and humidity, exposure to UV rays, and cuts. Antioxidants have the chemical capability to neutralize free radicals and prevent harm to our skin cells. Vitamin E, also found as tocopherol, is one of the most effective antioxidants. As it is lipid-soluble, it has great properties in protecting cell membranes, which are formed by a bi-lipidic layer. By including antioxidants and especially vitamin E in our skincare routine, we can help safeguard our skin from damage, preserve its elasticity and firmness, and achieve a healthy, glowing complexion. ——Kat's Answer

Vegetable glycerin, also known as glycerol, is a natural substance that is derived from plant oils. It is commonly used in skincare products due to its moisturizing and hydrating properties. When applied to the skin, vegetable glycerin acts as a humectant, which means it attracts moisture to the skin and helps to lock it in. This can be especially beneficial for people with dry or sensitive skin, as it can help to soothe and soften the skin. At the same time it does not clog the pores, so its use is beneficial for acne-prone skin. Overall, vegetable glycerin is a natural and effective ingredient that can help to improve the health and appearance of your skin, preventing it from cracking and drying. ——Kat's Answer

Parabens are a type of synthetic preservative that is commonly used in many personal care and cosmetic products. They help to prevent the growth of bacteria and mould, which can extend the shelf life of these products. However, there is some concern that parabens may have negative impacts on health, particularly when they are absorbed through the skin. Some studies have suggested that parabens may disrupt hormone function in the body, which could potentially lead to health problems, irritation, or allergic reactions to products containing parabens. Research on the health impacts of parabens is still ongoing to better define their biological effect. Natural alternatives such as citric acid, sorbic acid, and ascorbic acid are commonly used as preservatives instead of parabens. ——Kat's Answer

Flavonols are naturally occurring plant compounds that have benefits for the skin. These compounds are found in a variety of fruits, vegetables, and herbs, including cocoa, green tea, and berries. One of the primary benefits of flavonols for the skin is their antioxidant activity. This means they can help protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals, which can contribute to premature ageing and skin damage. Havonols also have anti-inflammatory properties, which can help reduce redness and irritation in the skin. Studies have shown that topical application of flavonols can improve skin hydration and elasticity. ——Kat's Answer

Kaolin is a type of clay that is made up of the mineral kaolinite. The UK is one of the largest producers of kaolin in the world, with significant deposits in Cornwall, Dorset, and Devon. It has several potential health benefits for the skin. Kaolin absorbs excess oil, thus it is ideal for use in products designed for oily or acne-prone skin. Gentle exfoliation: with its gritty texture it helps remove dead skin cells and leave the skin feeling soft and smooth. Soothes irritation: Kaolin has a gentle, calming effect on the skin, which can help to soothe irritation and inflammation. Finally, it also detoxifies. It draws impurities and toxins from the skin, leaving it feeling refreshed and revitalised. ——Alvaro's Answer

Vitamin E is widely recognised for its effective antioxidant properties, which help the skin in fighting against damage caused by harmful environmental factors. This nutrient has many benefits for the skin, including sunburn relief and wound healing. Vitamin E can also help keep the skin hydrated and moisturised, promoting a smooth texture. Overall, vitamin E is a versatile and beneficial ingredient in skincare, providing nourishment and improving the overall health and appearance of the skin. ——Kat's Answer

Sorbic acid, a weak acid found naturally in certain berries, is valued for its ability to prevent the growth of mold and is widely used as a preservative in food and skincare products. As a natural alternative to parabens, it is crucial to include sorbic acid in skincare formulations to prolong their shelf life and ensure their safety. Consumers should be cautious of products that claim to be free of preservatives, as they are more susceptible to contamination after opening. Gamanity incorporates natural preservatives into its formulations with carefully calibrated amounts to prevent irritation of sensitive skin. ——Kat's Answer

Lecithin is a natural compound used in skincare for its moisturising, emulsifying, and antioxidant properties. It softens and hydrates the skin while forming a protective barrier. Lecithin can blend ingredients effectively and protect the skin from damage. Its emulsifier properties render variable formulation uniform and whit a smooth texture. Sunflower lecithin and soy lecithin are two sources of lecithin. Sunflower lecithin is soy-free, making it suitable for those with soy allergies or sensitivities. Both provide similar skincare benefits. ——Kat's Answer

Essential oils are generally considered less harmful than synthetic fragrances for a few key reasons. -Natural Origin: Essential oils are typically extracted from plants, such as flowers, leaves, or fruits. Because they come from natural sources, they often contain fewer synthetic chemicals and are less likely to cause skin irritation or allergic reactions compared to synthetic fragrances, which can include a wide range of artificial chemicals. -Fewer Ingredients: Essential oils are relatively simple in composition. They contain a mixture of compounds that give them their characteristic scents, but the number of different chemicals in essential oils is usually much smaller compared to the numerous synthetic ingredients often found in fragrances. Fewer ingredients mean there are fewer potential irritants or allergens. -Purity Control: Essential oil production typically involves fewer chemical processes compared to the synthesis of synthetic fragrances. This can lead to greater purity and fewer impurities or contaminants in essential oils. -Potential Therapeutic Benefits: Many essential oils have been used for their potential therapeutic benefits for centuries. Some, like the lavender one, have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, or calming properties, which can be beneficial for the skin when used appropriately and in moderation. Essential oils are generally safer than synthetic fragrances due to their natural origin, but they can still cause skin issues if used incorrectly. Important considerations include diluting them with a carrier oil, checking for allergies through a patch test, and being cautious with oils that can increase sun sensitivity, like citrus oils. The intensity of fragrance in a product can be a result of various factors, including the concentration of essential oils or synthetic fragrances used in its formulation. In many regions, including the European Union and the United Kingdom, there are regulations in place that limit the concentration of essential oils and fragrances, particularly allergenic compounds, in cosmetic and skincare products. These regulations are in place to protect consumers with sensitivities and allergies from adverse reactions. Thus if you have a sensitive skin please pay attention to products with a very strong scent!

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